מחקר לאבחון ממאירות שחלתית- רקע רפואי.

תקציר העבודה

Table of Contents Chapter 1. 2
Introduction and Motivation of the Study. 2
The Female Reproduction System.. 3
The Functions of the Ovaries. 3
The Menstrual Cycle. 4
Postmenopausal 6
Angiogenesis. 8
Ovarian Cancer. 12
Epidemiology. 12
Pathologic Classification. 13
Diagnosis. 14
Doppler Ultrasound. 18
Principles of Operation. 18
Types of Doppler Ultrasound Devices. 20 Blood Flow Measurements using Doppler Analysis. 21
Doppler Velocity Spectrum Analysis and it’s Application in this study. 23
Chapter
2 . 24
A Detailed Description of the Study. 24
References. 45
Chapter 1
Introduction and Motivation of the Study The Female Reproduction System The small oval-shaped glands called “the ovaries” are very essential in the female internal reproductive system; they have the enormous role of starting the creation of new life.
The ovaries are covered with a layer of dandruff cells that constitutes the “germinal epithelium”, and are composed of three areas. The innermost portion, the “hilum”, contains nerves, blood vessels and connective tissue. The central zone, the “medulla”, contains sparse connecting tissue, smooth muscle, blood and lymph vessels and nerves. The peripheral zone, the “cortex”, contains supportive cells, blood vessels, and follicles in various stages of development. The Functions of the Ovaries Ovaries carry out two major functions. The first includes the production of female gametes (“oogenesis”), their preservation as a pool of follicles, and supplying them an appropriate environment for maturation and ovulation. A newborn baby girl already has about 1 million follicles in each ovary, which will decrease to about 400,000 follicles by puberty; each follicle contains an oocyte. Less than one percent of these primary follicles will fully develop into mature follicles (“Graafian follicles”), which ovulate and release an ovum for potential fertilization. After ovulation, the ruptured follicle is transformed into a yellow body that functions as a hormone-secreting glandular structure (“corpus luteum”) (Fig. 1).  The second ovarian function is secretion of hormones, predominantly estrogen and progesterone. Growing follicles, from primary to mature (Graafian) ones, contain an inner layer of granulose cells that engulf their oocytes and secrete estrogen. After ovulation, the corpus luteum secretes some estrogen but mostly progesterone. The ovaries secrete these hormones correspondingly with other hormones from the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary (predominantly FSH – Follicle Stimulating Hormone and LH – Luteinizing Hormone). The secretion of these pituitary gonadotropin to the blood cycle is pulsatile, and is connected to ovarian hormone secration by a feed-back inhibition or activation cycle: FSH levels will decrease in the presence of estrogen due to a negative feed-back, while intensified levels of estrogen will cause increasing secretion of LH by a positive feedback. High levels of progesterone will depress the secretion of both LH and FSH. This dynamic variability in hormone levels follows a cyclic pattern called the “Menstrual Cycle”.  …