ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ  ׳¢׳‘׳•׳“׳× ׳¡׳ž׳™׳ ׳¨׳™׳•׳Ÿ ׳‘׳ ׳•׳©׳ ׳ž׳×׳§׳₪׳× ׳”׳˜׳¨׳•׳¨ 11 ׳‘׳¡׳₪׳˜׳ž׳‘׳¨ 2001
׳”׳׳•׳ž׳ ׳ ׳”׳₪׳×׳¢׳”?
׳×׳•׳›׳Ÿ ׳”׳¢׳ ׳™׳™׳ ׳™׳:
׳ž׳‘׳•׳ …ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ  ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ  3
׳¡׳§׳™׳¨׳× ׳¡׳₪׳¨׳•׳× -.ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ  4-8
׳ž׳×׳§׳₪׳× ׳”׳˜׳¨׳•׳¨ 11 ׳¡׳₪׳˜׳ž׳‘׳¨
2 001 –..ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ  8-9ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ  ׳ž׳“׳•׳¢ ׳ ׳›׳©׳œ׳ ׳•? ׳’׳•׳¨׳ž׳™׳ ׳ž׳¡׳‘׳™׳¨׳™׳ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ  9-15
׳ž׳¡׳§׳ ׳•׳× ׳•׳”׳₪׳§׳× ׳œ׳§׳—׳™׳ –ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ  15-16
׳”׳ž׳œ׳¦׳•׳× ׳”׳•׳•׳¢׳“׳” ׳•׳₪׳¢׳•׳œ׳•׳× ׳×׳’׳•׳‘׳” –…ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ  17-18
׳¡׳™׳›׳•׳ .ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ  18
׳ž׳§׳•׳¨׳•׳× –…ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ  19
׳ž׳‘׳•׳ ׳”׳×׳ž׳•׳ ׳•׳× ׳”׳׳₪׳•׳§׳œ׳™׳₪׳˜׳™׳•׳× ׳©׳œ ׳₪׳™׳’׳•׳¢׳™ ׳”׳˜׳¨׳•׳¨ ׳”׳”׳¨׳¡׳ ׳™׳™׳ ׳©׳”׳×׳¨׳—׳©׳• ׳‘׳ ׳™׳•-׳™׳•׳¨׳§ ׳‘-11 ׳‘׳¡׳₪׳˜׳ž׳‘׳¨ֲ  ׳ ׳¦׳¨׳‘׳• ׳‘׳–׳™׳›׳¨׳•׳ ׳ ׳©׳œ ׳׳ ׳©׳™׳ ׳¨׳‘׳™׳ ׳‘׳¨׳—׳‘׳™ ׳”׳¢׳•׳œ׳ ׳›׳™׳•׳ ׳©׳‘׳• ׳׳ž׳¨׳™׳§׳” ׳׳™׳‘׳“׳” ׳׳× ׳”׳×׳ž׳™׳ž׳•׳×. ׳œ׳—׳œ׳§׳ ׳™׳•׳ ׳–׳” ׳™׳™׳–׳›׳¨ ׳›׳™׳•׳ ׳©׳œ "׳ ׳™׳¦׳—׳•׳Ÿ ׳¢׳œ ׳”׳ž׳¢׳¦׳ž׳” ׳”׳™׳”׳™׳¨׳”" ׳©׳ ׳×׳₪׳¡׳” ׳œ׳ ׳ž׳•׳›׳ ׳” ׳•׳©׳ ׳§׳•׳“׳•׳× ׳”׳×׳•׳¨׳₪׳” ׳©׳œ׳” ׳ ׳•׳¦׳œ׳• ׳¢"׳™ ׳™׳¨׳™׳‘ ׳ž׳¡׳•׳›׳Ÿ ׳•׳§׳˜׳œ׳ ׳™ (Parker & Stern,
2 005).ֲ ֲ  ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ  ׳œ׳§׳—׳™׳” ׳•׳ž׳©׳ž׳¢׳•׳™׳•׳×׳™׳” ׳©׳œ ׳ž׳×׳§׳₪׳× ׳”׳˜׳¨׳•׳¨, ׳©׳œ׳œ׳ ׳¡׳₪׳§ ׳ž׳•׳’׳“׳¨׳× ׳› ׳ž׳¢׳¨׳›׳× ׳”׳˜׳¨׳•׳¨ ׳”׳§׳˜׳œ׳ ׳™׳× ׳•׳”׳ž׳©׳ž׳¢׳•׳×׳™׳× ׳‘׳™׳•׳×׳¨ ׳‘׳”׳™׳¡׳˜׳•׳¨׳™׳” ׳©׳œ ׳”׳˜׳¨׳•׳¨ ׳”׳ž׳•׳“׳¨׳ ׳™ ׳¢׳“ ׳›׳”, ׳™׳™׳œ׳ž׳“׳• ׳‘׳•׳•׳“׳׳™ ׳‘׳©׳ ׳™׳ ׳”׳‘׳׳•׳× ׳•׳™׳©׳ž׳©׳• ׳‘׳¡׳™׳¡ ׳œ׳¢׳‘׳•׳“׳•׳× ׳ž׳—׳§׳¨ ׳©׳œ ׳—׳•׳§׳¨׳™׳ ׳ž׳“׳™׳¡׳¦׳™׳₪׳œ׳™׳ ׳•׳× ׳©׳•׳ ׳•׳× ׳•׳ž׳”׳×׳—׳•׳ ׳”׳׳•׳₪׳¨׳˜׳™׳‘׳™ ׳›׳’׳•׳Ÿ ׳”׳©׳™׳¨׳•׳×׳™׳ ׳”׳—׳©׳׳™׳™׳ ׳•׳’׳•׳¨׳ž׳™ ׳”׳׳›׳™׳₪׳” (׳©׳•׳•׳™׳¦׳¨ ׳•׳©׳™, 2002).ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ  ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ  ׳œ׳ ׳ž׳¢׳˜ ׳ž׳—׳§׳¨׳™׳, ׳ ׳¢׳¨׳›׳• ׳ž׳™׳“ ׳œ׳׳—׳¨ ׳ž׳×׳§׳₪׳× ׳”׳₪׳×׳¢ ׳›׳“׳™ ׳œ׳”׳‘׳™׳Ÿ ׳›׳™׳¦׳“ ׳•׳ž׳“׳•׳¢ ׳›׳œ ׳›׳š ׳”׳¨׳‘׳” ׳’׳•׳¨׳ž׳™׳ ׳‘׳ž׳ž׳©׳œ׳× ׳׳¨׳”"׳‘ ׳ ׳›׳©׳œ׳• ׳‘׳×׳’׳•׳‘׳” ׳™׳•׳×׳¨ ׳ ׳ž׳¨׳¦׳× ׳•׳“׳¨׳•׳›׳” ׳›׳œ׳₪׳™ ׳׳™׳•׳ ׳”׳˜׳¨׳•׳¨. ׳œ׳׳•׳¨ ׳ž׳ž׳¦׳׳™ ׳”׳—׳§׳™׳¨׳” ׳”׳ž׳§׳™׳₪׳” ׳©׳ ׳¢׳¨׳›׳” ׳¢"׳™ ׳”׳§׳•׳ ׳’׳¨׳¡ ׳œ׳›׳©׳œ׳™ ׳”׳ž׳•׳“׳™׳¢׳™׳Ÿ ׳©׳œ 11/9 ׳•׳œ׳׳•׳¨ ׳”׳“׳•"׳— ׳”׳¡׳•׳₪׳™ ׳©׳”׳•׳©׳œ׳ ׳‘׳ ׳•׳©׳ ׳₪׳™׳’׳•׳¢׳™ ׳”׳˜׳¨׳•׳¨ ׳¢׳œ ׳׳¨׳”"׳‘, ׳§׳™׳™׳ ׳ž׳™׳“׳¢ ׳ž׳‘׳•׳¡׳¡ ׳•׳׳ž׳₪׳™׳¨׳™ ׳¢׳‘׳•׳¨ ׳”׳—׳•׳§׳¨׳™׳ ׳©׳™׳•׳›׳œ׳• ׳œ׳”׳×׳‘׳¡׳¡ ׳¢׳œ׳™׳• (Parker & Stern, 2005).ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ  ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ  ׳§׳”׳™׳œ׳•׳× ׳”׳ž׳•׳“׳™׳¢׳™׳Ÿ ׳”׳׳ž׳¨׳™׳§׳ ׳™׳× ׳ž׳¦׳•׳™׳” ׳×׳—׳× ׳’׳œ ׳—׳“׳© ׳©׳œ ׳‘׳™׳§׳•׳¨׳× ׳§׳©׳” ׳¢׳œ ׳×׳₪׳§׳•׳“׳Ÿ (׳”׳›׳•׳©׳œ) ׳‘׳¢׳§׳‘׳•׳× ׳›׳©׳œ׳™ ׳”׳ž׳•׳“׳™׳¢׳™׳Ÿ ׳”׳—׳ž׳•׳¨׳™׳ ׳©׳œ׳₪׳ ׳™ ׳ž׳×׳§׳₪׳× ׳”׳˜׳¨׳•׳¨ ׳‘-11 ׳‘׳¡׳₪׳˜׳ž׳‘׳¨ 2001. ׳”׳‘׳™׳§׳•׳¨׳× ׳”׳§׳©׳” ׳ ׳•׳‘׳¢׳× ׳ž׳”׳›׳©׳œ ׳ ׳•׳‘׳¢ ׳ž׳œ׳™׳§׳•׳™׳™׳ ׳ž׳¢׳¨׳›׳×׳™׳™׳ ׳•׳œ׳ ׳ ׳§׳•׳“׳×׳™׳™׳, ׳•׳‘׳¢׳™׳§׳¨ ׳ž׳׳—׳¨ ׳•׳”׳×׳•׳¦׳׳•׳× ׳”׳™׳• ׳”׳¨׳¡׳ ׳™׳•׳× ׳•׳—׳ž׳•׳¨׳•׳× ׳‘׳™׳•׳×׳¨ ׳œ׳׳¨׳¦׳•׳× ׳”׳‘׳¨׳™׳× (׳§׳, 2005).ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ  ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ  ׳‘׳ž׳‘׳˜ ׳œ׳׳—׳•׳¨ ׳ ׳¨׳׳” ׳›׳™ ׳׳™׳¨׳•׳¢׳™ 11 ׳‘׳¡׳₪׳˜׳ž׳‘׳¨ ׳”׳™׳• ׳׳™׳¨׳•׳¢׳™׳ ׳₪׳•׳œ׳™׳˜׳™׳™׳ ׳©׳¢׳•׳¨׳¨׳• ׳₪׳•׳œ׳ž׳•׳¡ ׳¨׳—׳‘. ׳™׳© ׳”׳ž׳’׳“׳™׳¨׳™׳ ׳׳•׳×׳• ׳›׳”׳₪׳×׳¢׳” ׳ž׳•׳—׳œ׳˜׳× "׳›׳¨׳¢׳ ׳‘׳™׳•׳ ׳‘׳”׳™׳¨" ׳§׳™׳‘׳¢׳•׳Ÿ ׳ž׳—׳©׳‘׳×׳™ ׳”׳¨׳•׳׳” ׳׳× ׳”׳׳™׳¨׳•׳¢׳™׳ ׳›׳₪׳™׳’׳•׳¢׳™׳ ׳©׳›׳ž׳¢׳˜ ׳•׳‘׳œ׳×׳™ ׳ ׳™׳×׳Ÿ ׳œ׳–׳”׳•׳×׳, ׳œ׳“׳ž׳™׳™׳Ÿ ׳׳•׳×׳ ׳•׳›׳œ ׳©׳›׳Ÿ ׳œ׳ž׳ ׳•׳¢ ׳׳•׳×׳.
׳œ׳¢׳•׳ž׳×׳ ׳”׳ž׳‘׳§׳¨׳™׳ ׳©׳œ ׳’׳™׳©׳” ׳–׳•, ׳”׳§׳™׳¦׳•׳ ׳™׳™׳ ׳•׳”׳׳¨׳¡׳™׳™׳ ׳ž׳‘׳ ׳™׳”׳, ׳˜׳•׳¢׳ ׳™׳ ׳©׳–׳” ׳”׳™׳” "׳›׳™׳©׳œ׳•׳Ÿ ׳‘׳œ׳—׳‘׳¨ ׳׳× ׳”׳ ׳§׳•׳“׳•׳×". ׳œ׳˜׳¢׳ ׳×׳ ׳”׳׳™׳•׳ž׳™׳ ׳”׳ ׳§׳•׳“׳×׳™׳™׳ ׳•׳ ׳§׳•׳“׳•׳× ׳”׳×׳•׳¨׳₪׳” ׳”׳¢׳™׳§׳¨׳™׳•׳× ׳©׳׳¨׳’׳•׳Ÿ ׳׳œ ׳§׳׳¢׳™׳“׳” ׳ž׳¦׳™׳‘ ׳•׳ž׳ ׳¦׳œ, ׳”׳™׳• ׳™׳“׳•׳¢׳™׳ ׳œ׳₪׳—׳•׳× ׳œ׳ž׳¡׳₪׳¨ ׳’׳•׳₪׳™׳ ׳‘׳ž׳ž׳©׳œ ׳•׳‘׳¨׳©׳•׳™׳•׳× ׳”׳ž׳•׳“׳™׳¢׳™׳Ÿ ׳•׳›׳™ ׳œ׳ ׳”׳™׳” "׳ž׳—׳¡׳•׳¨" ׳‘׳¡׳™׳ž׳ ׳™׳ ׳•׳׳–׳”׳¨׳•׳× ׳ž׳§׳“׳™׳ž׳™׳ (Parker & Stern, 2005).ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ  ׳ ׳©׳׳œ׳× ׳ž׳¡׳₪׳¨ ׳©׳׳œ׳•׳× ׳ž׳›׳¨׳™׳¢׳•׳× "׳”׳׳ ׳ž׳“׳•׳‘׳¨ ׳‘׳”׳₪׳×׳¢׳” ׳’׳ž׳•׳¨׳” ׳׳• ׳©׳ž׳“׳•׳‘׳¨ ׳‘׳”׳₪׳×׳¢׳” ׳ ׳§׳•׳“׳×׳™׳×?"ֲ  "׳”׳׳ ׳”׳™׳• ׳™׳›׳•׳œ׳™׳ ׳œ׳ž׳ ׳•׳¢ ׳׳× ׳”׳₪׳™׳’׳•׳¢׳™׳ ׳׳• ׳œ׳₪׳—׳•׳× ׳œ׳ž׳×׳Ÿ ׳׳•׳×׳?". ׳”׳¡׳₪׳¨׳•׳× ׳”׳ž׳—׳§׳¨׳™׳× ׳”׳¢׳©׳™׳¨׳” ׳‘׳ ׳•׳©׳ ׳ž׳×׳§׳₪׳× ׳”׳₪׳×׳¢ ׳•׳‘׳¢׳™׳™׳× ׳×׳’׳•׳‘׳× ׳׳–׳”׳¨׳” ׳¡׳™׳₪׳§׳” ׳ž׳™׳“׳¢ ׳ ׳¨׳—׳‘ ׳•׳ž׳¢׳ž׳™׳§ ׳œ׳ ׳™׳×׳•׳— ׳§׳₪׳“׳ ׳™ ׳™׳•׳×׳¨ ׳•"׳©׳œ׳׳—׳¨ ׳ž׳¢׳©׳”" ׳©׳œ ׳”׳×׳§׳₪׳× ׳₪׳×׳¢. ׳‘׳ž׳׳ž׳¨ ׳–׳” ׳ ׳¢׳©׳” ׳ž׳—׳§׳¨ ׳ž׳§׳™׳£ ׳‘׳ ׳™׳¡׳™׳•׳Ÿ ׳œ׳”׳‘׳™׳Ÿ ׳™׳•׳×׳¨ ׳•׳‘׳׳•׳₪׳Ÿ ׳©׳™׳˜׳×׳™ ׳ž׳” ׳‘׳¢׳¦׳ ׳”׳©׳×׳‘׳©?ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ ֲ  ׳¨׳׳©׳™׳× ׳”׳ž׳׳ž׳¨ ׳™׳“׳•׳Ÿ ׳‘׳§׳¦׳¨׳” ׳‘׳׳¡׳˜׳¨׳˜׳’׳™׳× ׳”׳”׳₪׳×׳¢׳”. ׳›׳ž׳• ׳›׳Ÿ ׳ ׳™׳‘׳—׳Ÿ ׳׳× ׳”׳ ׳•׳©׳ ׳ž׳ ׳§׳•׳“׳•׳× ׳ž׳‘׳˜ ׳©׳•׳ ׳•׳× ׳•׳ž׳×׳•׳š ׳ž׳¡׳₪׳¨ ׳”׳¡׳‘׳¨׳™׳ ׳”׳œ׳§׳•׳—׳™׳ ׳ž׳×׳—׳•׳ž׳™׳ ׳©׳•׳ ׳™׳ ׳›׳’׳•׳Ÿ: ׳₪׳¡׳™׳›׳•׳œ׳•׳’׳™׳” ׳•׳×׳•׳¨׳× ׳”׳׳¨׳’׳•׳ ׳™׳ ׳›׳“׳™ ׳œ׳”׳‘׳™׳Ÿ ׳˜׳•׳‘ ׳™׳•׳×׳¨ ׳׳× ׳ž׳” ׳©׳§׳¨׳” ׳©׳. ׳‘׳¡׳•׳£ ׳”׳ž׳׳ž׳¨ ׳׳¦׳™׳’ ׳ž׳¡׳₪׳¨ ׳ž׳¡׳§׳ ׳•׳× ׳œ׳¦׳•׳¨׳š ׳”׳₪׳§׳× ׳”׳œ׳§׳—׳™׳ ׳•׳‘׳™׳¦׳•׳¢ ׳©׳™׳ ׳•׳™׳™׳ ׳ ׳—׳•׳¦׳™׳ֲ  ׳›׳“׳™ ׳œ׳¦׳ž׳¦׳ ׳”׳₪׳×׳¢׳•׳× ׳׳¡׳˜׳¨׳˜׳’׳™׳•׳× ׳‘׳¢׳×׳™׳“.